Concise Guide to APA Style: 7th Edition (OFFICIAL)

Page 39 Review

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Paper Elements Analysis

Paper Elements: A Detailed Look

Reference List Formatting

The ebook emphasizes the importance of proper formatting for the reference list. “Start the reference list on a new page after the text and before any tables, figures, and/or appendices.

Write the section label “References,” capitalized, in bold, and centered at the top of the page.” This highlights the need for a clear and distinct separation between the main body of the paper and its references.

Spacing and Indentation

The guidelines are specific regarding spacing and indentation: “Double-space all reference list entries (including between and within references).

Use a hanging indent for all references, meaning that the first line of each reference is flush left and subsequent lines are indented by 0.5 in.” This attention to detail ensures readability and consistency, making it easier for readers to navigate the references.

Order of Works

The excerpt points to further sections for the order of works in the reference list: “For the order of works in the reference list, see Sections 9.43 to 9.48.” This implies a structured approach to how sources should be organized, likely following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

Footnotes: Additional Content and Copyright

The section on footnotes delves into their purpose and proper use. “A footnote is a brief note that provides additional content or copyright attribution.

Any type of paper may include footnotes as needed.” Footnotes serve two primary functions: to supplement the main text with additional information and to provide copyright attribution when necessary.

Content Footnotes

The ebook advises caution when using content footnotes: “Content footnotes supplement or enhance substantive information in the text; they should not include complicated, irrelevant, or nonessential information.

Because they can be distracting, content footnotes should be included only if they strengthen the discussion.” This emphasizes the need for footnotes to be concise and directly relevant to the main text.

Copyright Attribution

The importance of proper copyright attribution is also addressed: “When authors reproduce lengthy quotations and/or test or scale items in the text, a copyright attribution is usually required and should be presented in a footnote.

A reproduced table or figure also requires a copyright attribution, but this attribution appears in the table or figure note.” This is crucial for avoiding plagiarism and giving due credit to the original authors.

Footnote Numbering and Format

Specific rules govern the numbering and format of footnotes: “Number all footnotes consecutively in the order in which their callouts appear in the text with superscript Arabic numerals.

Footnote callouts should be superscripted, like this,’ following any punctuation mark except a dash.” This ensures consistency and clarity in referencing footnotes within the text.

Further clarification is provided regarding the placement of footnote callouts: “A footnote callout that appears with a dash—like this’—always precedes the dash. (The callout falls inside a closing parenthesis if it applies only to matter within the parentheses, like this.°) Do not put a space before the footnote callout in text.

Do not place footnote callouts in headings.” These seemingly minor details contribute to a professional and polished presentation of the paper.

Finally, the excerpt addresses how to refer back to a previously cited footnote: “To refer to a footnote again after it has been called out, identify it in the text by the footnote number (e.g., write “see Footnote 3”); do not repeat the footnote callout or the whole footnote.” This prevents redundancy and keeps the text flowing smoothly.

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Paper Elements: Mastering References & Footnotes